SAN CARLOS, California — Joby Aviation and Toyota Motor Corporation advanced their strategic manufacturing alliance on Monday, detailing plans to scale production of Joby's electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft ahead of commercial service.

The two companies announced the alliance last week, describing a plan to bring Toyota's automotive manufacturing expertise to Joby's aircraft design. Toyota has invested more than $890 million in Joby to date and previously supplied engineering support at Joby's Marina, California facility.

Joby, based in Santa Cruz County, is pursuing final certification from the US Federal Aviation Administration for its five-seat aircraft. The company aims to begin commercial passenger operations, with early services planned in Dubai and the United States. Toyota's role focuses on production processes, quality systems and supply chain design.

The alliance signals intensifying competition in the advanced air mobility sector, where rivals including Archer Aviation are also racing toward certification and commercial launch. Manufacturing scale-up remains one of the largest hurdles facing eVTOL developers before profitable operations, according to sector analysts.

A Joby spokesman said the collaboration with Toyota was central to producing aircraft at the volume and cost required for a viable air taxi network. Toyota executives have described the venture as an extension of the carmaker's push into future mobility beyond traditional vehicles.